Student's Guide to MLA Style (2021) | Citation & Format,Save hours of repetitive work.
WebThese citations within the essay are called in-text citations. You must cite all quoted, paraphrased, or summarized words, ideas, and facts from sources. Without in-text WebAuthor. Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the Title of source. The title of the source should follow the WebThese citations within the essay are called in-text citations. You must cite all quoted, paraphrased, or summarized words, ideas, and facts from sources. Without in-text WebMLA General Format MLA Formatting and Style Guide; MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics; MLA Formatting Lists MLA Formatting Quotations; MLA Endnotes and Footnotes; MLA WebMLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the ... read more
If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:. These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:. Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations e. If a source uses a labeling or numbering system other than page numbers, such as a script or poetry, precede the citation with said label.
The speaker makes an ardent call for the exploration of the connection between the violence of nature and the divinity of creation. When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name, following these guidelines. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work such as an article or italicize it if it's a longer work e. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites and provide a page number if it is available. Titles longer than a standard noun phrase should be shortened into a noun phrase by excluding articles. For example, To the Lighthouse would be shortened to Lighthouse.
If the title cannot be easily shortened into a noun phrase, the title should be cut after the first clause, phrase, or punctuation:. In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title appears in the parenthetical citation, and the full title of the article appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry on the Works Cited page. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:. Accessed 23 Mar. If the title of the work begins with a quotation mark, such as a title that refers to another work, that quote or quoted title can be used as the shortened title.
The single quotation marks must be included in the parenthetical, rather than the double quotation. Parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages, used in conjunction, allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work. Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work, like Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto. In such cases, give the page number of your edition making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume vol.
When you cite a work that appears inside a larger source for instance, an article in a periodical or an essay in a collection , cite the author of the internal source i. For example, to cite Albert Einstein's article "A Brief Outline of the Theory of Relativity," which was published in Nature in , you might write something like this:. See also our page on documenting periodicals in the Works Cited. Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials in your citation. Best, David, and Sharon Marcus.
JSTOR, doi Franck, Caroline, et al. If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks. Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number s :. If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon.
Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number s. If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses. In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using and underline or italicize the title , as each version varies in its translation, followed by book do not italicize or underline , chapter, and verse. Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source. Sources that take the form of a dialogue involving two or more participants have special guidelines for their quotation and citation.
Each line of dialogue should begin with the speaker's name written in all capitals and indented half an inch. A period follows the name e. After the period, write the dialogue. Each successive line after the first should receive an additional indentation. When another person begins speaking, start a new line with that person's name indented only half an inch. Repeat this pattern each time the speaker changes. You can include stage directions in the quote if they appear in the original source. Conclude with a parenthetical that explains where to find the excerpt in the source. Pleadingly Give me a drink, Rocky. Harry said it was all right. God, I need a drink. Avidly Thanks. He takes the bottle with both twitching hands and tilts it to his lips and gulps down the whiskey in big swallows.
With more and more scholarly work published on the Internet, you may have to cite sources you found in digital environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work reference the OWL's Evaluating Sources of Information resource , some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source on your Works Cited page. Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers. However, these sorts of entries often do not require a page number in the parenthetical citation. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:. Herzog, Werner, dir.
Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, Yates, Jane. In the first example an online magazine article , the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. If the title of the article was not named in the sentence, an abbreviated version would appear in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence. a whole book , leave out this element. A source can also have two containers. If you watched an episode of a TV show on Netflix, the show title is the first container and Netflix is the second container.
If you accessed a journal article through the database JSTOR, the journal name is the first container and JSTOR is the second container. In most cases, only the title and location often the URL or DOI of the second container are included in the source entry. Pay attention to the punctuation. The author and source title elements each end with a period. Elements within a container are separated by commas, and a period is used to close the container. Contributors are added right after the container title and always end with a comma. For example:. When there is more than one version of a source, you should include the version you used. If your source has numbered parts, include this in the source entry:. It is also possible for a source to have an edition, volume, and number.
Just separate them using commas. Book and movie citations always include the publisher element. The publisher is the company responsible for producing and distributing the source—usually a book publisher e. Macmillan or Oxford UP or a movie production company e. Paramount Pictures or Warner Bros. When not to add a publisher Sometimes the publisher is already included elsewhere in the source entry, such as in the container title or author element. For example, the publisher of a website is often the same as the website name. In this case, omit the publisher element. When available, always include the publication year.
If you also know the month, day, or even time of publication, you can include this if it helps the reader to locate the source. Date ranges are also possible. Multiple publication dates If there is more than one publication date, use the one that is most relevant to your research and take the date of the edition that you have used. No date When a source does not state a publication date, add the date on which you accessed the information. For example: Accessed 22 Sep. MLA in-text citations are brief references in the body of your document which direct your reader to the full reference in the Works Cited list. You must include an in-text citation whenever you quote or paraphrase a source. The page number refers to the exact location of the quote or information that you are citing:.
If the author is already named in the sentence, you only need to include the page number in parentheses:. For a source with two authors, include the last names of both authors. Format titles the same as they appear in the Works Cited, with italics or quotation marks. Use the full title if mentioned in the text itself, but an abbreviated title if included in parentheses. If a source has no page numbers, but is divided into numbered sections e. chapters or numbered paragraphs , use these instead:. For audiovisual sources such as YouTube videos , use a timestamp:. Are you a teacher or professor looking to introduce your students to MLA style? Download our free introductory lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint.
Open Google Slides Download PowerPoint. MLA Style is the second most used citation style after APA. It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy. This quick guide to MLA style explains the latest guidelines for citing sources and formatting papers according to MLA. A standard MLA Works Cited entry is structured as follows:. Search by book title, page URL, or journal DOI to automatically generate flawless citations, or cite manually using the simple citation forms. If information about your source is not available, you can either leave it out of the MLA citation or replace it with something else, depending on the type of information.
Note for Purdue Students: Schedule a consultation at the on-campus writing lab to get more in-depth writing help from one of our tutors. This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. MLA Modern Language Association style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook 9 th ed. Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual.
Both books provide extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question. In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence i. However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number s from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number s should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:. Both citations in the examples above, and Wordsworth , tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:.
These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:. Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations e. If a source uses a labeling or numbering system other than page numbers, such as a script or poetry, precede the citation with said label. The speaker makes an ardent call for the exploration of the connection between the violence of nature and the divinity of creation.
When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name, following these guidelines. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work such as an article or italicize it if it's a longer work e. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites and provide a page number if it is available. Titles longer than a standard noun phrase should be shortened into a noun phrase by excluding articles. For example, To the Lighthouse would be shortened to Lighthouse. If the title cannot be easily shortened into a noun phrase, the title should be cut after the first clause, phrase, or punctuation:. In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title appears in the parenthetical citation, and the full title of the article appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry on the Works Cited page.
Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:. Accessed 23 Mar. If the title of the work begins with a quotation mark, such as a title that refers to another work, that quote or quoted title can be used as the shortened title. The single quotation marks must be included in the parenthetical, rather than the double quotation. Parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages, used in conjunction, allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work. Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work, like Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto.
In such cases, give the page number of your edition making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume vol. When you cite a work that appears inside a larger source for instance, an article in a periodical or an essay in a collection , cite the author of the internal source i. For example, to cite Albert Einstein's article "A Brief Outline of the Theory of Relativity," which was published in Nature in , you might write something like this:. See also our page on documenting periodicals in the Works Cited. Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials in your citation.
Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. JSTOR, doi Franck, Caroline, et al. If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks. Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number s :. If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number s. If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.
In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using and underline or italicize the title , as each version varies in its translation, followed by book do not italicize or underline , chapter, and verse. Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source. Sources that take the form of a dialogue involving two or more participants have special guidelines for their quotation and citation.
Each line of dialogue should begin with the speaker's name written in all capitals and indented half an inch. A period follows the name e. After the period, write the dialogue. Each successive line after the first should receive an additional indentation. When another person begins speaking, start a new line with that person's name indented only half an inch. Repeat this pattern each time the speaker changes. You can include stage directions in the quote if they appear in the original source. Conclude with a parenthetical that explains where to find the excerpt in the source. Pleadingly Give me a drink, Rocky. Harry said it was all right. God, I need a drink. Avidly Thanks. He takes the bottle with both twitching hands and tilts it to his lips and gulps down the whiskey in big swallows.
With more and more scholarly work published on the Internet, you may have to cite sources you found in digital environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work reference the OWL's Evaluating Sources of Information resource , some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source on your Works Cited page. Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers.
However, these sorts of entries often do not require a page number in the parenthetical citation. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:. Herzog, Werner, dir. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, Yates, Jane. In the first example an online magazine article , the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. If the title of the article was not named in the sentence, an abbreviated version would appear in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence. Both corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows:. Taylor, Rumsey. Accessed 29 Sep. Accessed 2 April To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon:.
When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference. For example: Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations, or common knowledge For example, it is expected that U. citizens know that George Washington was the first President.
MLA Formatting Quotations,MLA Works Cited list
WebSummary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to WebMLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the WebMLA General Format MLA Formatting and Style Guide; MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics; MLA Formatting Lists MLA Formatting Quotations; MLA Endnotes and Footnotes; MLA WebThese citations within the essay are called in-text citations. You must cite all quoted, paraphrased, or summarized words, ideas, and facts from sources. Without in-text WebThese citations within the essay are called in-text citations. You must cite all quoted, paraphrased, or summarized words, ideas, and facts from sources. Without in-text WebAuthor. Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the Title of source. The title of the source should follow the ... read more
Oxford UP, Volume number , Publisher , Year. In general, boldface indicates greater prominence, while italics are appropriate for subordinate headings. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:. a book , movie , website , or article. These beauteous forms, Through a long absence, have not been to me As is a landscape to a blind man's eye:.
Without in-text citations, you are in danger of plagiarismeven if you have listed your sources at the end of the essay. For example: JSTOR, doi citizens know that George Washington was mla citation in essay first President. When using long quotations that are over four lines of prose or over three lines of poetry in length, you will need to use block quotation format.
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